Bacteria and Viruses – What You Need to Know
The Problem
Bacteria and viruses are invisible threats that can cause serious illness, affecting not just individuals but entire workplaces. They are present everywhere—in the air, on surfaces, and even on our skin. Without proper understanding and prevention, these microorganisms can spread quickly, putting everyone at risk. Today, we’ll discuss what bacteria and viruses are, the dangers they pose, and how we can protect ourselves.
Identify the Hazards
What are the hazards?
- Bacteria: Single-celled organisms, some of which cause diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cholera.
- Viruses: Tiny particles that invade living cells and cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to serious diseases like COVID-19, rabies, and HIV/AIDS.
Other Biohazards:
- Fungi: Moulds and yeasts that can cause infections and allergic reactions.
- Parasites: Organisms that spread through ingestion or contact, leading to illnesses such as malaria or intestinal infections.
Risks in the Workplace:
- Contact with contaminated surfaces, tools, or equipment.
- Spread through coughing, sneezing, or poor hygiene practices.
- Exposure in high-risk settings, such as healthcare, food handling, or construction areas with dampness or mould.
Safety Practices and Preventative Measures
1. Understand the Difference Between Bacteria and Viruses
- Bacteria: Can be harmful (e.g. E. coli, cholera) or beneficial (aid digestion, produce vitamins). Treated with antibiotics.
- Viruses: Infect living cells and spread diseases like influenza and COVID-19. Antibiotics do not work; prevention relies on hygiene and vaccination.
2. Practice Good Hygiene
- Wash hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
- Use alcohol-based hand sanitiser (at least 60% alcohol) if soap and water are not available.
3. Disinfect Surfaces Regularly
- Clean shared tools, workstations, and high-touch surfaces (e.g. door handles, phones).
- Use approved disinfectants effective against biohazards.
4. Follow Proper Etiquette
- Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
- Dispose of tissues immediately and wash hands afterward.
5. Be Aware of Biohazard Protocols
- Stay informed about site-specific policies and procedures.
- Use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, or face shields, when needed.
6. Recognise Symptoms and Act Quickly
- Stay home if unwell to prevent spreading illness.
- Report exposure or potential biohazard incidents to your supervisor.
Real-Life Case or Scenario
Last year, a workplace experienced a flu outbreak that affected over 20 staff members. The cause was traced to shared tools and surfaces that hadn’t been regularly disinfected. The spread could have been reduced if hygiene practices—like cleaning tools and staying home when sick—were consistently followed.
Employee Responsibilities
- Practise consistent hygiene, including handwashing and cleaning shared equipment.
- Follow your workplace’s biohazard safety procedures and use PPE correctly.
- Report any symptoms or potential exposure to your supervisor.
Employer Responsibilities
- Provide access to hygiene supplies like hand sanitiser, soap, and PPE.
- Enforce and maintain clear protocols for preventing biohazard spread.
- Ensure high-touch areas and shared tools are disinfected regularly.
Discussion & Questions
- What biohazard risks have you seen in our workplace?
- What improvements could we make to reduce infection risks here?
(Encourage open discussion and feedback.)
Commitment/Action Plan
Let’s commit to better hygiene practices starting today. Make it a habit to wash your hands, disinfect shared tools, and stay informed about workplace biohazard protocols. Together, we can maintain a safer and healthier site.
Wrap-Up
Understanding how bacteria and viruses spread is key to preventing their impact. Thank you for your attention and for committing to proper hygiene and biohazard safety. Remember—prevention is everyone’s responsibility.
Standards Overview
WorkSafe New Zealand expects employers to manage exposure to biological hazards under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 (HSWA).
- Employers must identify and manage risks of infectious disease transmission.
- Personal protective equipment, hygiene practices, and training are required to reduce exposure to biological hazards.
Disclaimer
These toolbox talks are provided for informational and educational purposes only and are not a substitute for professional legal, health and safety, or regulatory advice.
The content reflects recognised best practices and general industry standards as at the date of publication. However, it may not be applicable to all workplace environments or specific operational contexts.
It is the responsibility of the Person Conducting a Business or Undertaking (PCBU), as well as officers, workers, and other duty holders under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 (HSWA), to ensure compliance with all relevant laws, regulations, and WorkSafe New Zealand guidance.
The authors, presenters, and distributors of this toolbox talk disclaim all liability for any loss, damage, or injury arising from the use or reliance on the information provided. Users should seek advice from a suitably qualified health and safety professional or legal advisor for guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.
Always follow your organisation’s policies, procedures, and safe work practices to manage risks and maintain a safe and healthy workplace.
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